Written Sources for the Material Culture of the Gold Coast before 1800
A Provisional Checklist
Résumé
Cette contribution présente un catalogue de la culture matérielle en usage sur la Côte de l’Or avant 1800, telle qu’elle est représentée dans les sources écrites publiées. Il s’agit d’un outil au service de ceux, anthropologues, historiens de l’art et archéologues, qui s’intéressent aux objets et à l’usage social qui en était fait. L’auteur met en relief l’importance des sources disponibles sur ce sujet, qui contraste avec l’usage limité et souvent impropre qu’il en est fait. Il propose d’étendre cet outil à d’autres régions.
Abstract
This contribution presents a catalogue of material culture used in the gold Coast before 1800, as it is represented in published written sources. It is a tool for those – anthropologists, art historians and archaeologists – who have an interest for objects and for their place in the society. The author points out the importance of available sources on this topic, which contrasts with their rather limited and often improper use. He suggests the geographic scope of this tool could be broadened.
Index
- Mots clés :
- Côte de l’Or, culture matérielle, Ghana, sources écrites
- Keywords :
- catalogue, Gold Coast, material culture, written sources
Plan
Texte intégral
1 In a paper originally drafted in 19881, I criticised those who have employed pre-twentieth-century written sources when discussing African material culture – mainly anthropologists, art historians and archaeologists – for the lack of a critical, systematic approach to their subject matter. Written sources, I argued, can be crucial for identifying objects in terms of chronology, geography, use and significance. Moreover – and this has become increasingly apparent since my article was written – the history of the collection and perception of such objects itself deserves our attention. My criticisms were directed partly at the selection of sources – their limited range, the reluctance to consult archival sources, the uncritical citation of secondary sources (including compilations) and poor translations2; but I also drew attention to problems of interpretation – he imaginative reconstruction of the sociocultural context in which objects were used, the use of anachronistic terms, an over-simplistic approach to questions of historical change, unwarranted use of 'negative evidence' (the argument from silence), a reluctance to recognise just how fragmentary the evidence is, and an exaggerated fondness for any source that celebrated the splendours of precolonial monarchies.
2 As an alternative approach I proposed an attempt to catalogue and reproduce all the references to individual items of material culture for a given region. Taking the Gold Coast as a possible example, I finished a first draft for a short book on these lines in 1988, but I have never found time to prepare it for publication. Today it would probably make more sense to turn my original project into a website (potentially extendable to other regions and periods). Since I am unlikely to be able do so in the near future, however, I propose here to summarise the main contents, as an initial aid to those doing research on the material culture of this region and as a possible model for those intererested in other regions (or periods) to follow.
3 I will deal with items of material culture (objects, materials and practices) in alphabetical order and, under each item, give the main sources in chronological order. In the following list I give :
-
1. the date when information is thought to have been collected (or, if that is unknown, the date of publication)3,
-
2. the author's name,
-
3. the place(s) on the Gold Coast (taken here to be the coast from Assinie to Accra, rather than the coast of present-day Ghana) to which the information on material culture probably refers,
-
4. bibliographical / archival details of the version cited here.
4 'Material culture' is always a slippery term, and it may be helpful to indicate what I have not covered. I am not here concerned with the mere listing of 'objects', but with descriptions of how objects were used within Gold Coast society. Hence I have in most cases excluded European merchandise, although we now possess some remarkably detailed information on this4. On the other hand, I have included materials used to make objects (e.g. brasswork or paint), partly because the resultant objects are in some cases easier to categorise in this way than in terms of their function. I have, of course, tried to exclude references which were plagiarised from earlier publications.
5 In the checklist the page number(s) following the author's name refer to the edition quoted above : for instance, « 1662-9 Müller : 205 » refers to my own translation of Müller in my 1983 book on German Sources for West African History (from which it is easy to proceed to the German original). Since I did this research, several scholarly editions have appeared, thanks largely to the efforts of Selena Winsnes and the late Paul Hair. This is why, for example, I refer to Isert, Rømer and Tilleman in the original rather than in the editions published by Winsnes, which fortunately indicate the original pagination.
6 It should be noted that :
-
1. I have included only those references for which it is clear that they refer to the Gold Coast (rather than to West Africa generally).
-
2. I have tried where possible to retain the terms used in the sources, even when conscious of the problematic nature of some of them (e.g. 'fetish').
-
3. Many of the categories chosen are to some extent arbitrary. Since many items fall into more than one category (e.g., a particular necklace might be called an 'ornament' yet be referred to in the source as 'fetish'), I have offered a number of cross-references and in some cases placed the same reference under two different entries.
-
4. Since the emphasis is on description, travellers' accounts play a much more important role than commercial records or other sources.
-
5. indicates a detailed description.
-
6. Where the place referred to is known and differs from that given in the list above, I have indicated it in brackets.
1. Sources Used
7 1474 Pulgar : Elmina
8 Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los senores reyes católicos Don Fernando y Dona Isabel..., ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo, 2 vols., Madrid, 1943.
9 1482 Barros : Elmina
10 João de Barros, Asia [1552-1615], transl. and ed., G. R. Crone: London, Hakluyt Society No. LXXX, 2nd series, 1937.
11 1506 Pacheco Pereira : mainly Elmina
12 Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Esmeraldo de situ orbis. Côte occidentale d'Afrique du Sud marocain au Gabon, ed. Raymond Mauny, Bissau, 1956.
13 1519 Enciso
14 Martín Fernándes de Enciso, Suma de geographia que trata de todas las partidas y provincias del mundo, Seville 1519. Translation of the section on West Africa in P. E. H. Hair, « Some minor sources for Guinea, 1519-1559 : Enciso and Alfonce / Fonteneau », History in Africa, 3 (1976), 19-46.
15 1554 Gainsh
16 Robert Gainsh, in Richard Hakluyt, The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, London 1589; facsimile, ed. David Beers Quinn et al., Cambridge, 1965, Vol. I, 90-97.
17 1555 Towrson : Shama / Akong / Mouri
18 William Towrson, in Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, Vol. I, 103-111.
19 1600-01 Marees : Cape Coast, Mouri, Accra
20 P.D.M. [Pieter de Marees], Beschrijvinghe ende historische verhael van het Gout Koninckrijck van Gunea, Amsterdam, 1602. Modern translation: Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea (1602), ed. Albert van Dantzig and Adam Jones, London: Oxford University Press, 1987.
21 1601-11 Ruiters
22 Dierick Ruiters, Toortse der Zee-Vaert (1623), ed. S. P. l'Honoré Naber, The Hague, 1913.
23 1603 Ulsheimer : Komenda, Cape Coast, Accra
24 « Andreas Josua Ulsheimer's voyage of 1603-4 », in Adam Jones, German Sources for West African History 1599-1669, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1983, 18-43.
25 1617-20 Brun : Mouri
26 « Samuel Brun's voyages of 1611-20 », in Jones, German Sources, 44-96.
27 1620 Vasconcelos : Elmina
28 Agustin Manuel y Vasconcelos, Vida y acciones del Rey Don Juan el Segundo, Decimotercio de Portugal, Madrid, 1639.
29 1622 Lange / Langius : Mouri
30 Jacob de Lange, Demonomanie of Der Mooren Wonderheden: zijnde een verhael, of Voiagie, nae het Moorse Koninckrijck van Guinea, Amsterdam, 1658.
31 1625 Lam : Elmina area
32 Waerachtich verhael van de gantsche reyse ghedaen by den eersamen Jan Dircksz Lam: ende voorts vande nederlaghe aent Casteel de Myna op de Kust van Guinea voorghevallen, Amsterdam, 1626. For the background see Adam Jones, « Sources on early Sierra Leone (22): The visit of a Dutch fleet in 1625 », Africana Research Bulletin, XV, 2 (1986), 33-64.
33 1629 map
34 Algemeen Rijksarchief (Den Haag), Leupe-collectie 743, map of the Gold Coast dated 25 December 1629.
35 1634 Colombino de Nantes : Komenda
36 « Carta de Colombino de Nantes a Peiresc, 20-6-1634 » in A. Brásio, Monumenta Missionaria Africana : Africa Occidental, 1st series, Lisbon, 1952-81, Vol. VIII, 278-288 [In some cases it is not certain that a statement refers specifically to the Gold Coast.]
37 1639-45 Hemmersam : Elmina
38 « Michael Hemmersam's description of the Gold Coast, 1639-45 », in Jones, German Sources, 97-133.
39 1640 / 1665 Blaeu : Mouri
40 Guillaume & Jean Blaeu,
41 1) Le Theatre du Monde, ou Nouvel Atlas, Vol. 2, Amsterdam, 1640.
2) Achtste Stvck der Aerdrycks-Beschryving, Amsterdam, 1665.
42 1645-47 Ratelband : Elmina
43 K. Ratelband, Vijf dagregisters van het kasteel São Jorge da Mina (Elmina) aan de Goutkust (1645-1647), Den Haag, 1953.
44 1652-65 Dammaert : Kormantin, Egya
45 Algemeen Rijsarchief (The Hague), Aanwinsten 1898 XXII, journal of Louys Dammaert, 1652-56.
46 1659-69 Zur Eich : Cape Coast, Fetu
47 « Hans Jacob Zur Eich's description of the Fetu country, 1659-69 », in Jones, German Sources, 260-268.
48 1662-69 Müller : Cape Coast, Fetu
49 « Wilhelm Johann Müller's description of the Fetu country, 1662-9 », in Jones, German Sources, 134-259.
50 1666-67 Villault : Cape Coast
51 Nicolas Villault de Bellefond, Relation des costes d'Afrique appelées Guinée, Paris, 1669.
52 1668 Dapper
53 Olfert Dapper, Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten, Amsterdam, 1668 ; references here are to the 2nd ed. of 1676.
54 1669 Elbée : Assinie area
55 Le Sieur d'Elbée, « Journal du voyage aux isles, dans la coste de Guinée », in J. de Clodoré, Relation de ce qui s'est passé dans les isles & terre-ferme de l'Amerique, pendant la dernière guerre avec l'Angleterre, Paris, 1671.
56 1671 Justel : Komenda, Cape Coast, Elmina
57 « Relation du voyage fait sur les Costes d'Afrique aux mois de Novembre et Decembre de l'année 1670, Janvier & Février 1671, commençant au Cap Verd », in H. Justel, Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en l'Amerique, Paris, 1674.
58 1674 Inventarium : Cape Coast
59 Copenhagen, Rigsarkivet, V-gK 187, Inventarium (Frederiksborg), 23 Jan. 1674.
60 1682 Barbot : mainly Elmina, Cape Coast, Accra
61 Barbot on Guinea, The Writings of Nean Barbot on West Africa 1678-1712, ed. P. E. H. Hair, Adam Jones & Robin Law. 2 vols., London, Hakluyt Society, 1992.
62 1682 Thelwall : Anomabu
63 « Richard Thelwall’ letters to Cape Coast », in Robin Law, The English in West Africa 1681-1683 : The Local Correspondence of the Royal African Company of England 1681-1699, Part 1, London, Oxford University Press, for The British Academy, 1997, 92-142.
64 1682-83 Groeben : Cape Three Points
65 « Otto Friedrich von der Groeben's account of his voyage to Guinea », in Adam Jones, Brandenburg Sources for West African History 1680-1700, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1985, 23-57.
66 1682-95 Tilleman : Accra
67 Eric Tilleman, En liden enfoldig Beretning om det Landskab Guinea, Copenhagen 1697. Modern English edition by Selena Axelrod Winsnes, A Short and Simple Account of the Country Guinea and its Nature, Madison, African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1994.
68 1683 Harper : Komenda
69 « David Harper’ letters to Cape Coast », in Law, The English, 47-61.
70 1684 Nieman : Cape Three Points
71 « Johann Nieman's letter from Gross-Friedrichsburg » (8 March 1684), in Jones, Brandenburg Sources, 87-89.
72 1685-90 Jones : Cape Three Points
73 Jones, Brandenburg Sources, 100-168.
74 1686-87 Hillier : Cape Coast
75 J. Hillier, « Part of two letters to the Reverend Dr. Bathurst (1688) », Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 232 (Sept. 1697), 687-707.
76 1688-1704 Bosman : Elmina, Axim
77 William Bosman, A new and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea, London, 1705 ; corrections based on the Dutch original (1704) in Albert van Dantzig, « English Bosman and Dutch Bosman : a comparison of texts », History in Africa, 2-11, 1975-84.
78 1692 Tibierge : Assinie
79 « Extrait du journal du Sieur Tibierge », in Paul Roussier, L’établissement d’Issiny 1687-1702, Paris, 1935, 51-70.
80 1692-93 Oettinger : Cape Three Points
81 « Johan Peter Oettinger’s account of his voyage to Guinea », in Jones, Brandenburg Sources, 180-98.
82 1694 Phillips
83 Thomas Phillips, « A journal of a voyage made in ... 1693, 1694 ... to Africa », in A. and J. Churchill, eds., A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 6 vols., London, VI : 173-239.
84 1698-1702 Damon : Assinie
85 « Relation du voyage de Guinée fait en 1698 par M. le Chevalier Damon » and « Relation très curieuses que M. le Chevalier Damon a fait aux Indes pour faire un établissement à Issigny », in Paul Roussier, L’établissement d’Issiny 1687-1702, 73-107.
86 1701-02 Loyer
87 Godefroi Loyer, « Relation du voyage du royaume d’Issiny, Côte d’Or », Paris, 1714 ; reprinted in Paul Roussier, L’établissement d’Issiny 1687-1702, Paris, 1935, 111-234
88 1703 Van der Broucke & Du Bois
89 Report by Jac. van der Broucke & Nic. Du Bois on their voyage to Aquamboe, 27 March 1703, reproduced in A. van Dantzig, The Dutch and the Guinea Coast 1674-1742. A Collection of Documents from the General State Archive at the Hague, Accra, GAAS, 1978, 93-95.
90 1709-12 Rask : mainly Accra
91 Johannes Rask, Ferd til og fra Guinea, 1708-1713: En kort og sandferdig reise beskrivelser til og fra Guinea, Trondheim, 1754.
92 1710-11 Uring : Appolonia
93 A History of the Voyages and Travels of Capt. Nathaniel Uring, London, 1727.
94 1721-22 Atkins
95 John Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil and the West-Indies, London, 1735.
96 1722 Houstoun
97 James Houstoun, Some New and Accurate Observations... [on] the Coast of Guinea, London, 1725.
98 1727 Smith
99 William Smith, A New Voyage to Guinea, London, 1744.
100 1739-49 Rømer : mainly Accra area
101 Ludewig Ferdinand Rømer, Tilforladelig efterretning om kysten Guinea, Copenhagen, 1760. Modern English edition by Selena Axelrod Winsnes, A Reliable Account of the Coast of Guinea (1760), London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 2000.
102 1752-56 Thompson : Cape Coast
103 Thomas Thompson, An Account of Two Missionary Voyages, London, 1758.
104 1766 Huydecoper : Elmina
105 Algemeen Rijksarchief (The Hague), N.B.K.G. 300 # 77, Huydecoper 16 July 1766.
106 1777 Nettelbeck : Axim, Boutre
107 Joachim Nettelbeck, Bürger zu Colberg: Eine Lebensbeschreibung, von ihm selbst aufgezeichnet, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1821-23, Vol. II.
108 1783 Isert : mainly Accra
109 Paul Erdmann Isert, Reise nach Guinea und den Carabäischen Inseln in Columbien, Copenhagen, 1788. Modern English edition by Selena Axelrod Winsnes, Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1992.
2. Checklist
110 AGRI / AKORI / CONTA DA TERRA
111 506 Pacheco Pereira 114
1554 Gainsh 96
1674 Inventarium
1682 Barbot 494, 528, 605
1688-1702 Bosman 119
1692 Tibierge 66
1701-02 Loyer 161*, 179*
1739-49 Rømer 115
1752-56 Thompson 60
1783-86 Isert 186-7*
112 ANOINTING
113 1662-69 Müller 205
1668 Dapper 98
1682 Barbot 560
1701-02 Loyer 170
1783-6 Isert 189, 192-3*, 194
See: COSMETICS
114 ASSEGAIS
115 1482 Barros 117
1555 Towrson 106-7
1600-01 Marees 17a, 41b, 44b, 45a, 46b*, 50a, 53a, 64b, 65a, 66a, 86a
1603 Ulsheimer 34 - 1617-20
1617-20 Brun 88, 92, 95
1620 Vasconcelos 84
1634 Colombino 286
1639-45 Hemmersam 107, 116*
1645-47 Ratelband 160
1662-69 Müller 195-6*, 319
1666-67 Villault 241, 315, 317, 355
1679 Barbot 305, 344-6 (illustration)
1682 Barbot 493, 565, 606, 609
1688-1702 Bosman 186*
1701-02 Loyer 162, 180
1739-49 Rømer 119, 220
116 BAGS / SACKS
117 1617-20 BRUN 92
1625 Lam 12
1662-69 Müller 170, 173, 197, 199, 221, 240, 245
1679 Barbot 346
1727 Smith 125
1783-86 Isert 35
See: PURSES
118 BARK-CLOTH / BARK-CORD
119 1555 Towrson 106
1600-01 Marees 12b, 13b, 19b, 35a, 46b, 61b, 62a
1639-45 Hemmersam 109
1662-69 Müller 193, 194, 197, 205, 245, 255
1682 Barbot 534
1701-02 Loyer 171, 180, 213-4
1772 Nettelbeck 81
1783-86 Isert 188, 193
120 BARNS / GRANARIES / SHEDS
121 1600-01 Marees 20a, 56b
1662-69 Müller 222
1682 Barbot 512
1701-02 Loyer 169
122 BASINS / CAULDRONS / PANS
123 1600-01 Marees 19b, 25b-27a*, 91b, 95b
1662-69 Müller 172, 202, 203*, 315
1668 Dapper 101
1674 Inventarium
1682 Barbot 482, 512, 560
1688-1702 Bosman 208
1701-02 Loyer 217
1739-49 Rømer 191-2
1752-56 Thompson 59-60
124 BASINS, AS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
125 1600-01 Marees 87b, 91b, 92b
1662-69 Müller 214, 257
1682 Barbot 564, 567
1684 Nieman 88
126 BASKETS
127 1600-01 Marees 13b, 16b, 53b, 61a, 63a, 101b
1662-69 Müller 233, 244, 253, 316
1666-67 Villault 286
1668 Dapper 101, 104
1682 Barbot 482, 516
1685-90 Jones 125-43
See: FETISH-BASKETS
129 1600-01 Marees 26a-b*, 27a, 40b (Komenda), 42b, 89b
1629 map
See: AGRI
130 BEDS
131 1600-01 Marees 11a-b
1603 Ulsheimer 33
1617-20 Brun 87
1662-69 Müller 202*, 217, 316
1666-67 Villault 243
1668 Dapper 101
1679 Barbot 340
1682 Barbot 504, 512
1701-03 Loyer 182
1710-11 Uring 139
1721-22 Atkins 99 (Cape Coast)
132 BELLS / GONGS
133 1482 Barros 117, 118
1600-01 Marees 51a, 62a, 86a, 87b
1603 Ulsheimer 30
1622 Lange 56
1634 Colombino 286
1662-69 Müller
162-3, 183, 186, 196
1679 Barbot 345-6
1682 Barbot 564, 567
1684 Nieman 89
1688-1702 Bosman 139
1701-02 Loyer 219-20
1739-49 Rømer 241
134 BELTS / BANDOLEERS /GIRDLES
135 1600-01 Marees 44b, 46a-b, 65a
1682 Barbot 517, 605
1688-1702 Bosman 185*
1783-86 Isert 35, 183
136 BOWS AND ARROWS
137 1555 Towrson 106-7
1600-01 Marees 45a, 46b
1639-45 Hemmersam 124
1662-69 Müller 186, 193-4*, 318-9
1666-67 Villault 315, 355
1668 Dapper 101
1679 Barbot 344 (illustration)
1682 Barbot 605f
1688-1702 Bosman 186
1739-49 Rømer 119
1783-86 Isert 35
138 BRASSWORK
139 1674 Inventarium - 1688-1702 Bosman 86, 128, 187
140 BREAD / FLOUR / KENKEY
141 1554 Gainsh 97*
1600-01 Marees 20a, 57a*
1617-20 Brun 85
1639-45 Hemmersam 110*
1662-69 Müller 207-8*, 222
1666-67 Villault 245-6* (influenced by De Marees)
1679 Barbot 304, 319 (Kormantin)
1682 Barbot 512
1693-94 Phillips 202 (Dixcove)
1701-02 Loyer 184*
1721-22 Atkins 76 (Cape Three Points)
142 BROOMS / BRUSHES
143 1600-01 Marees 38b
1662-69 Müller 316-7
144 BUSTLES (atofo)
145 1662-69 Müller 205
146 CALABASHES
147 1600-01 Marees 21b
1617-20 Brun 88
1639-45 Hemmersam 117, 125
1662-69 Müller 170, 182, 202, 211, 222, 257, 315
1666-67 Villault 233
1668 Dapper 101
1679 Barbot 345-6 (illustration)
148 CALENDARS
149 1622 Lange 44
1662-69 Müller 154
150 CANDLES
151 1682 Barbot 518
CANES / LONG STICKS
152 1600-01 Marees 16b, 46b, 92a
1634 Colombino 285
1639-45 Hemmersam 112
1662-69 Müller 182, 205*
1685-90 Jones 128, 167
153 CANEWORK
154 1600-01 Marees 44b
1659-69 Zur Eich 262
1666-67 Villault 236
1688-1702 Bosman 288
See: BASKETS; FISHING TACKLE
155 CANOES
156 1600-01 Marees 13b, 14a (illustration), 28b, 40b, 43a (Accra), 45b, 58b-60a*
1662-69 Müller 231, 233, 254*, 309-11
1666-67 Villault 198, 320, 325
1668 Dapper 102, 103
1669 Elbée 370
1679 Barbot 289 (Komenda), 304 (Cape Coast)*, 345-6 (illustration)
1682 Barbot 516, 518f, 529-33*
1688-1702 Bosman 129*
1692 Tibierge 66
1694 Phillips 211 (Accra)
1701-02 Loyer 160, 180
See: PADDLES
157 CARVINGS, WOODEN
158 1662-69 Müller 174
1679 Barbot 335
1783-86 Isert 228
159 CHAINS
160 1554 Gainsh 96
1674 Inventarium
1688-1702 Bosman 185
1783-86 Isert 183
161 CHESTS / BOXES
162 1600-01 Marees 39a
1659-69 Zur Eich 266-7
1662-69 Müller 203, 314
1671 Justel 16 (Komenda)
1701-02 Loyer 166, 183, 211
1721-22 Atkins 80 (Cape Three Points), 105 (Cape Coast)
163 CHISELS / NAILS
164 1600-01 Marees 59b
1662-69 Müller 254
1682 Barbot 529
1701-02 Loyer 185
165 CLAY / MUD
166 See : BEDS
See : FETISH
See : FETISH-HUTS
See : HOUSES
See : HOUSES OF KINGS
167 CLOTH (AFRICAN)
168 1600-01 Marees 91b - 1629 map (Wanquie, Insoco)
1662-69 Müller 186, 202, 206, 302
1668 Dapper 88, 109
1674 Inventarium
1701-02 Loyer 190
1783-86 Isert 226
169 CLOTHING (MEN; STATUS UNSPECIFIED)
170 1482 Barros 117
1506 Pacheco Pereira 115
1620 Vasconcelos
1665 Blaeu
1668 Dapper 103
1671 Justel 16 (Komenda)
1679 Barbot 304
1682 Barbot 493*, 560
1721-22 Atkins 99
1783-86 Isert 35-6, 183-5*, 220
See: WAR-DRESS
171 CLOTHING (MEN; HIGH STATUS)
172 1555 Towrson 106
1600-01 Marees 17a
1617-20 Brun 66 (Acanish traders)
1639-45 Hemmersam 112
1662-69 Müller 182, 186
1666-67 Villault 219-20, 316
1682 Barbot 494, 594
1688-1702 Bosman 119
1701-02 Loyer 161, 171*
173 CLOTHING (MEN; LOW STATUS)
174 1555 Towrson 106
1662-69 Müller 203-5*
1688-1702 Bosman 120
1701-02 Loyer 171
175 CLOTHING (WOMEN)
176 1600-01 Marees 87b
1640 Blaeu
1666-67 Villault 226-8*, 315
1671 Justel 15 (Komenda)
1694 Phillips 201
1701 Godot 269, 271
1701-02 Loyer
177 CLOTHING (SACRAL)
178 1666-67 Villault 275
1701-02 Loyer 214
179 CLUBS
180 1600-01 Marees 66a
1694 Phillips 212 (Accra)
181 COFFINS / BIERS
182 1600-01 Marees 91a, 92a
1622 Lange 56
1634 Colombino 285
1639-45 Hemmersam 123
1662-69 Müller 257
1666-67 Villault 286
1668 Dapper 107
1682 Barbot 591
1688-1702 Bosman 230
1701-02 Loyer 211
1721-22 Atkins 105
1739-49 Rømer 221, 227
1783-86 Isert 219
183 COLLARS (AS WAR-DRESS)
184 1600-01 Marees 44b
1688-1702 Bosman 185
COMBS
185 1600-01 Marees 18b*
1662-69 Müller 155, 206*, 255
1679 Barbot 345-6 (illustrations)
1701-02 Loyer 170
1709-12 Rask 137-8
1739-49 Rømer 86
186 COPPERWORK / COPPERWARE
187 See : BASINS (x 2)
See : BRASSWARE
See : KEYS
See : ORNAMENTS (2)
See : SHIELDS
See : WEIGHTS
188 COSMETICS
189 1600-01 Marees 18b, 34a, 44b, 86a, 87a
1603 Ulsheimer 31
1662-69 Müller 161, 206*, 207
1666-67 Villault 225
1679 Barbot 347 (illustration)
1682 Barbot 495
1682-83 Groeben 52
1701-02 Loyer 214
1721-22 Atkins (Cape Three Points)
1739-49 Rømer 243
1783-86 Isert 189-90*
See : WAR-DRESS
190 CUSHIONS / PILLOWS
191 1662-69 Müller 202, 316
1666-67 Villault 243
1682 Barbot 512
See : HEAD-RESTS
192 CUTLERY
193 1662-69 Müller 211, 315
See : KNIVES; SPOONS
DISHES / BOWLS (WOODEN, OR MATERIAL UNSPECIFIED)
194 1600-01 Marees 19b, 20a
1634 Colombino 285
1639-45 Hemmersam 111, 210, 244
1668 Dapper 94
1682-95 Tilleman 117
1688-1702 Bosman 80-81
1694 Phillips 202 (Axim)
1701-02 Loyer 183f
1777 Nettelbeck 56
195 DRUMS
196 1482 Barros 117
1600-01 Marees 45a, 51a, 87b
1617-20 Brun 92
1662-69 Müller 182, 186, 198f, 214, 257, 318
1666-67 Villault 311, 356-7
1697 Barbot 345-6 (illustrations)
1682 Barbot 564, 566f*, 607
1682-83 Groeben 52
1684 Nieman 88
1688-1702 Bosman 139*, 140
1686-87 Hillier 689
1709-12 Rask*
1701-02 Loyer 160, 220
1722 Houstoun 17 (Cape Three Points)
1739-49 Rømer 63*, 65*, 135
1783-86 Isert 38*, 229*
197 FANS
198 1666-67 Villault 310-11, 316
See : TAILS
199 FENCES / HEDGES / WALLS / GATES
200 1600-01 Marees 38b, 39a, 43a, 57b
1617-20 Brun 85*
1639-45 Hemmersam 110
1662-69 Müller 222
1682 Barbot 511
1688-1702 Bosman 288
1692-93 Oettiner 185
1701-02 Loyer 164f, 182
201 'FETISH' etc.
202 1600-01 Marees 33a-37b*, 39a, 60a
1603 Ulsheimer 31, 36
1639-45 Hemmersam 119
1666-67 Villault 262, 272
1679 Barbot 335 (illustration)*
1682 Barbot 494, 527, 531, 572, 578-80*
1682-83 Groeben 53
1683 Harper
1686-87 Hillier 687
1688-1702 Bosman 150, 223
1692 Tibierge 65
1698-1702 Damon 98
1701-02 Loyer 213-6*, 349, 352
1752-56 Thompson 51-2
203 'FETISH BAG' / 'FETISH BASKET'
204 1639-45 Hemmersam 120
1662-69 Müller 162*, 166, 186, 198, 202-3, 221
1666-67 Villault 280
1679 Barbot 335
1682 Barbot 572
205 'FETISH' CORDS / NECKLACES / CLOTHING
206 1600-01 Marees 12b, 34a, 35a, 44b, 86b
1662-69 Müller 161f
1666-67 Villault 236*
1688-1702 Bosman 123
1709-12 Rask 134
1721-22 Atkins 94-5
207 'FETISH HUTS' / SHRINES
208 1600-01 Marees 33b*, 34a
1603 Ulsheimer 30
1639-45 Hemmersam 108 (Fetu)
1662-69 Müller 164f
1666-67 Villault 271 (Cape Coast)
1682 Barbot 582
1739-49 Rømer 58-9, 68*
1752-6 Thompson 63
209 'FETISH RODS'
210 1639-45 Hemmersam 108 (Fetu)
1662-69 Müller 161*, 182
1666-67 Villault 263-4, 271f
1709-12 Rask 259-60*
1739-49 Rømer 74-5
211 'FETISH TREES'
212 1666-67 Villault 262
1682 Barbot 608
1682 Thelwall 108-9
213 FIGURES (TERRACOTTA)
214 1600-01 Marees 93b
1662-69 Müller 258
1682 Barbot 582, 595f*
1688-1702 Bosman 232
215 FISHING TACKLE
216 1600-01 Marees 26b, 43b, 60b-63a*
1662-69 Müller 231-3*, 309f
1666-67 Villault 326f
1679 Barbot 281 (Axim)
1682 Barbot 519-521*
1688-1702 Bosman 129f
1701-02 Loyer 180*
1727 Smith 123 (Cape Coast)
1783-86 Isert 239
217 FLAGS etc.
218 1600-01 Marees 86b
1662-69 Müller 145, 168, 197
1671 Justel 19 (Elmina)
1682 Barbot 565f, 606
1684 Nieman 89
1694 Phillips 212 (Accra)
1698-1702 Damon 79
1727 Smith 119 (Dixcove)
1752-56 Thompson 42 - 1783-86 Isert 39
219 FLAX
220 1783-86 Isert 239
221 FLUTES / WHISTLES
222 1639-45 Hemmersam 124
1666-67 Villault 311
1682 Barbot 564, 567
1739-49 Rømer 241-2*
1783-86 Isert 229
223 GAMES
224 1783-86 Isert 227-8*
225 GOLDWORK
226 1554 Gainsh 96
1555 Towrson 106
1600-01 Marees 42b, 46a, 86b
1645-47 Ratelband 76
1659-69 Zur Eich 267
1662-69 Müller 253-4*
1665 Blaeu
1666-67 Villault 311, 393f*
1671 Justel 20f (Cape Coast)
1674 Inventarium
1679 Barbot 304 (Cape Coast), 337f (Accra), 339*, 345f (illustration)
1682 Barbot 494, 503, 527f*, 594
1685-90 Jones 153
1688-1702 Bosman 128, 182, 185
1692-93 Oettinger 186, 188
1694 Phillips 198 (Bassam Picolo)
1701-02 Loyer 162
1709-12 Rask 153
1721-22 Atkins 100, 195
1739-49 Rømer 115, 191f
1766 Huydecoper*
1783-86 Isert 188.
See : ORNAMENTS
227 GRATERS
228 1662-69 Müller 316
229 GRAVES / TOMBS
230 1600-01 Marees 46a, 92a
1603 Ulsheimer 31
1622 Lange 56f
1634 Colombino 285
1639-45 Hemmersam 117
1662-69 Müller 258
1666-67 Villault 291f, 345f
1682 Barbot 590f, 595
1688-1702 Bosman 231f
231 GUITARS / LUTES / CITTERNS
232 1600-01 Marees 87b
1666-67 Villault 311
1671 Justel 15 (Komenda)
1679 Barbot 345f (illustration)
1682 Barbot 564, 567
1684 Nieman 88
1688-1702 Bosman 140
1783-86 Isert 230f*
233 HAIR / BEARDS, DECORATION OF
234 1600-01 Marees 16b, 87a
1639-45 Hemmersam 109
1662-69 Müller 182, 204-6, 216, 258
1666-67 Villault 224f
1679 Barbot 347 (illustrations)
1682 Barbot 494f*
1688-1702 Bosman 119
1694 Phillips 201 (Axim)
1701-02 Loyer 171, 179
1709-12 Rask 135-8*, 153*
1739-49 Rømer 86*
1783-86 Isert 185f*, 189
See : ORNAMENTS
235 HAMMERS / MALLETS
236 1682 Barbot 527
1783-86 Isert 239
237 HAMMOCKS
238 1662-69 Müller 168, 186
1671 Justel 17 (Komenda)
1679 Barbot 290 (Komenda)
1682 Barbot 594
1692 Tibierge 54
239 HATS / CAPS
240 1555 Towrson 106
1600-01 Marees 13b, 16b, 17a*, 21b, 65a, 92a
1617-20 Brun 86
1639-45 Hemmersam 113
1640 Blaeu
1662-69 Müller 182, 204f, 207, 212f, 255, 316
1666-67 Villault 220-1
1679 Barbot 345f (illustrations)
1682 Barbot 494, 534, 566, 571
1688-1702 Bosman 119f, 194
1701-02 Loyer 161, 171f*
1709-12 Rask 153*
241 HEAD-RESTS
242 1600-01 Marees 11b, 91b
1682 Barbot 504, 512
1701-02 Loyer 183
243 HELMETS
244 1482 Barros 117
1600-01 Marees 44b
1662-69 Müller 196f*, 319
1666-67 Villault 316, 354, 393
1668 Dapper 65, 111
1679 Barbot 345f (illustration)
1682 Barbot 605
1688-1702 Bosman 185
1709-12 Rask 92
1783-86 Isert 36f*
245 HOES / MATTOCKS
246 1662-69 Müller 221
1701-02 Loyer 210
1783-86 Isert 224
247 HOOPS (FOR DANCING)
248 1682 Barbot 564
HOOVES (AS ORNAMENT / STATUS SYMBOL)
249 1662-69 Müller 205, 209
250 HORNS (IVORY)
251 1482 Barros 117
1600-01 Marees 26b, 45a, 47a, 48a-b
1622 Lange 56
1662-69 Müller 169, 182f, 186, 198f, 255, 257, 318
1666-67 Villault 314f, 356f
1671 Justel 20 (Elmina)
1674 Inventarium
1679 Barbot 339, 345f (illustrations)
1682 Barbot 518, 564, 606
1684 Nieman 88
1686-87 Hillier 689
1688-1702 Bosman 135f*, 138f*
1701-02 Loyer 160, 220-1*
1709-12 Rask 63
1710-11 Uring 138
1722 Houstoun 17 (Cape Three Points)
1739-49 Rømer 241
1783-86 Isert 38*
252 HORNS OF ANIMALS
253 1662-69 Müller 196, 205
1668 Dapper 65
1682 Barbot 494, 591
1684 Nieman 89
1692-93 Oettinger 186
1701-02 Loyer 213
254 HOUSES
255 1554 Gainsh 96
1600-01 Marees 11a, 38a-39a*, 45a, 45b, 51b, 56b, 57b
1603 Ulsheimer 33
1617-20 Brun 85, 86*
1639-45 Hemmersam 108, 111
1659-69 Zur Eich 262
1662-69 Müller 139f, 201-2*, 222, 314
1666-67 Villault 240f, 241f*, 243f
1679 Barbot 280 (Axim), 304 (Cape Coast)
1682 Barbot 504, 511f*, 533, 607
1688-1702 Bosman 288
1692 Tibierge 63f*
1692-93 Oettinger 185
1701-02 Loyer 178, 182*
1710-11 Uring 139, 160 (Cape Coast)
1721-22 Atkins 99 (Cape Coast)
1739-49 Rømer 237
1752-56 Thompson 34
See : BARNS
See : FENCES
256 HOUSES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
257 1688-1702 Bosman 2110, 212
1701-02 Loyer 207
See : 'FETISH-HUTS'
258 HOUSES OF KINGS
259 1600-01 Marees 39a*, 48a
1662-69 Müller 182
1666-67 Villault 334-5
1682 Barbot 594 (Accra)
1701-02 Loyer 161, 164f
260 IMPLEMENTS (MISCELLANEOUS)
261 1600-01 Marees 61a (for stringing fish)
1639-45 Hemmersam 122 (medical)
1662-69 Müller 201 (for smoothing walls), 208 (for removing kenkey from boiling water), 230 (for extracting lime-juice), 253 (for gold-mining)
1666-67 Villault 234 (for carrying babies), 330 (for measuring a quantity of fish)
262 IRONWORK
263 1555 Towrson 106
1600-01 Marees 26a, 42b, 46b, 89b
1662-69 Müller 254*, 312
1688-1702 Bosman 128*
See : ASSEGAIS
See : BELLS
See : BOWS & ARROWS
See : CHAINS
See : CHESTS
See : HOES
See : KEYS
See : MACHETES
See : MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
See : ORNAMENTS (2)
See : SHIELDS
264 IVORY WORK
265 See : COMBS
See : ORNAMENTS (2)
See : FLUTES
See : HORNS
266 KEYS (AS ORNAMENTS)
267 1600-01 Marees 19b, 26b
1603 Ulsheimer 33f
1662-69 Müller 205, 314
1666-67 Villault 227
1671 Justel 15 (Komenda)
1701-02 Loyer 177 (influenced by Villault?)
1739-49 Rømer 87
1783-86 Isert 192
268 KNIVES
269 1600-01 Marees 19b, 26a, 88b
1662-69 Müller 171
1679 Barbot 344-6 (illustration)
1682 Barbot 529
1701-02 Loyer 151
1783-86 Isert 35
270 LATRINES
271 1600-01 Marees 15b
1682 Barbot 511
1701-02 Loyer 48-9
272 LEATHER / SKIN / HIDE: 1. ELEPHANT
273 1600-01 Marees 65a
1639-45 Hemmersam 124
1662-69 Müller 168
1679 Barbot 346
1701-02 Loyer 220
1709-12 Rask 105
274 LEATHER / SKIN / HIDE: 2. LEOPARD
275 1600-01 Marees 65a
1662-69 Müller 242
1671 Justel 16 (Komenda)
1679 Barbot 346 (illustration)
1739-49 Rømer 237
276 LEATHER / SKIN / HIDE: 3. CROCODILE
277 1688-1702 Bosman 185
LEATHER / SKIN / HIDE: 4. DOG; GOAT, SHEEP
278 1600-01 Marees 16b, 46a-47a, 91b
1662-69 Müller 162, 254
1688-1702 Bosman 120
1701-02 Loyer 220
279 LEATHER / SKIN / HIDE: 5. COW, OX
280 1600-01 Marees 46b
1666-67 Villault 243
281 LEATHER / SKIN / HIDE: 6. VARIOUS
282 1600-01 Marees 44b
1662-69 Müller 161, 194, 196f, 202, 204, 252
1666-67 Villault 355
1684 Nieman 89
1679 Barbot 346 (illustration)
1682 Barbot 512, 605
1682-83 Groeben 53
1688-1702 Bosman 152, 185f
1701-02 Loyer 215, 219
1783-86 Isert 36
283 MACHETES / CUTLASSES
284 1600-01 Marees 14a, 26a, 56a, 59b
1622 Lange 46
1662-69 Müller 201, 220f
1682 Barbot 516
1692 Tibierge 54
1703 Van den Broucke & Du Bois
285 MATS
286 1600-01 Marees 11a-12a, 13b, 59b
1662-69 Müller 165, 202, 217
1666-67 Villault 243, 295
1668 Dapper 101
1682 Barbot 504f, 512, 531
1688-1702 Bosman 128
1701-02 Loyer 166
1710-11 Uring 139
1777 Nettelbeck 81
1783-86 Isert 228
287 MONEY
288 1600-01 Marees 32b*, 97b
1639-45 Hemmersam 83
1662-69 Müller 244
1668 Dapper 111
1679 Barbot 340
1682 Barbot 528, 548 (Accra)
1692 Tibierge 66
1701-02 Loyer 179
1721-22 Atkins 185
289 MORTARS
290 1682 Barbot 512
1701-02 Loyer 184f
See : BREAD
291 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (MISCELLANEOUS)
292 1600-01 Marees 87b
1666-67 Villault 311
1682 Barbot 564, 567
1701-02 Loyer 221*
1710-11 Uring 138
1739-49 Rømer 242
1783-86 Isert*
See : DRUMS
See : FLUTES
See : GUITARS
See : HORNS
293 NEEDLES
294 1679 Barbot 345f (illustration)
295 NETS
296 1600-01 Marees 62a-63a
1662-69 Müller 243
1679 Barbot 304 (Cape Coast)
1688-1702 Bosman 286
1701-02 Loyer
See : FLAX
297 ORNAMENTS: 1. HAIR / BEARD / FOREHEAD / EARS
298 1482 Barros 117f
1600-01 Marees 48b
1603 Ulsheimer 33
1617-20 Brun 87, 93
1620 Vasconcelos 84
1634 Colombino 287
1639-45 Hemmersam 113
1652-56 Dammaert (1 Jan. 1654)
1662-69 Müller 182, 186, 204-6
1666-67 Villault 225, 393f
1679 Barbot 347 (illustration)
1688-1702 Bosman 119
1694 Phillips 198 (Bassam Piccolo)
1701-02 Loyer 161f, 171
1709-12 Rask 136-8*
1721-22 Atkins 183
1739-49 Rømer 87
1783-86 Isert 189
See : GOLDWORK
299 ORNAMENTS: 2. NECK / ARMS / LEGS
300 1482 Barros 118
1554 Gainsh 96*
1600-01 Marees 16b-17a*, 26a, 48b, 87a
1603 Ulsheimer 33
1617-20 Brun 86f
1620 Vasconcelos 84
1622 Lange 50
1639-45 Hemmersam 109
1645-47 Ratelband 224
1652-56 Dammaert (1 Jan. 1654)
1662-69 Müller 173, 182, 186, 204-7*, 255
1666-67 Villault 221, 225-7, 263, 394
1679 Barbot 305, 345f (illustrations)
1682 Barbot 494, 565
1688-1702 Bosman 119f, 128, 189
1694 Phillips 206
1701-02 Loyer 162, 177
1709-12 Rask 138
1721-22 Atkins 79f (Cape Three Points), 95 (Cape Coast)
1739-49 Rømer 192 (Asante)
1783-86 Isert 186-8*, 190f*
301 ORNAMENTS: 3. BREASTS / STOMACH / WAIST / LOINS
302 1701-02 Loyer 162
1709-12 Rask 130
1739-49 Rømer 87
1783-86 Isert 192
303 ORNAMENTS: 4. FEET
304 1739-49 Rømer 87
1783-86 Isert 191
305 ADDLES
306 1600-01 Marees 14a, 58b
1679 Barbot 345f (illustration)
1682 Barbot 529
1688-1702 Bosman 129
1701-02 Loyer 212
307 PAINT / COLOURING / DYES
308 1600-01 Marees 13b, 38b, 47b, 60a, 86b, 87a, 89b, 91b
1662-69 Müller 196, 205
1701-02 Loyer 164
1739-49 Rømer 63, 74f
See : CLOTH
See : CLOTHING
309 PALM TREE (USES OF)
310 1482 Barros 117
1620 Vasconcelos 84
1662-69 Müller 224
1688-1702 Bosman 285-8*
See : HOUSES
See : PALM WINE
311 PALM WINE, TAPPING AND SERVING OF
312 1554 Gainsh 97
1600-01 Marees 21b, 38b
1617-20 Brun 85
1639-45 Hemmersam 110*, 117
1662-69 Müller 212, 223*
1665 Blaeu
1666-67 Villault 249
1679 Barbot 304 (Cape Coast)
1688-1702 Bosman 285-7*
1701-02 Loyer 185f*
313 PEWTERWARE
314 See : BASINS
See : ORNAMENTS (2)
See : WEIGHTS
315 POTTERY
316 1600-01 Marees 26a, 32a, 34a, 35b, 39a
1639-45 Hemmersam 114
1662-69 Müller 173, 202, 208, 210, 223, 244, 255*, 315f
1666-67 Villault 246
1668 Dapper 101
1679 Barbot 304 (Cape Coast)
1682 Barbot 482, 512, 533
1688-1702 Bosman 128, 309
1701-02 Loyer 183, 185f, 211
1721-22 Atkins 99 (Cape Coast)
1739-49 Rømer 68
317 PURSES
318 1600-01 Marees 13b, 19b, 23a
1662-69 Müller 209
1682 Barbot 517
1701-02 Loyer 177
319 RAZORS
320 1701-02 Loyer 171
321 ROPES / CORDS
322 1600-01 Marees 61b
1622 Lange 44
1639-45 Hemmersam 109
1662-69 Müller 197, 202
1688-1702 Bosman 286
1701-02 Loyer 218
1783-86 Isert 35
See : BARKCLOTH
See : DRUMS
See : FETISH CORDS
323 RUSHES / REEDS / GRASS / STRAW
324 See : BASKETS
See : BROOMS
See : CANES
See : FENCES
See : GUITARS
See : HOUSES
See : MATS
See : ORNAMENTS (1)
See : SHIELDS
See : STRAW WISPS
See : TOBACCO PIPES
See : TRAPS
See : WREATHS
325 SAILS
326 1600-01 Marees 59b
1679 Barbot 289
1783-86 Isert 226
327 SALT, PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF
328 1600-01 Marees
1662-69 Müller 244
1682 Barbot 482
1692 Tibierge 64*
1688-1702 Bosman 308*
329 SCARIFICATION
330 1554 Gainsh 96
1600-01 Marees 18b-19a*, 88b, 89b
1682 Barbot 495*
1721-22 Atkins 88
1783-86 Isert 233-4*
331 SHELLS
332 1474 Pulgar 206f
1506 Pacheco Pereira 114
1519 Enciso 33
1600-01 Marees 46a
1662-69 Müller 166, 195, 204
1666-67 Villault 225
1669 Elbée 369
1674 Inventarium
1679 Barbot 339, 345f
1682 Barbot 495
1688-1702 Bosman 185
1701-02 Loyer 162
1783-86 Isert 186, 190, 196
333 SHIELDS
334 1482 Barros 117
1555 Towrson 106
1600-01 Marees 44b, 46b*, 86a
1603 Ulsheimer 34
1617-20 Brun 87, 92
1620 Vasconcelos 84
1634 Colombino 286
1645-47 Ratelband 160
1662-69 Müller 186, 196*, 318
1666-67 Villault 315, 355
1668 Dapper 112 (mainly from De Marees)
1679 Barbot 305
1682 Barbot 565, 605f*, 609
1684 Nieman 89
1688-1702 Bosman 136*, 186*, 189, 203
1701-02 Loyer 219f*
335 SHRINES
336 See : 'FETISH HUTS'
337 SIEVES
338 1662-69 Müller 210
1682-95 Tilleman 117
339 SILVERWORK
340 1662-69 Müller 182, 205
1688-1702 Bosman 128
1783-86 Isert 183, 188, 191f
341 SKULLS / BONES: 1. HUMAN
342 1600-01 Marees 46a, 53a, 93b
1603 Ulsheimer 23
1617-20 Brun 93, 95
1634 Colombino 286
1639-45 Hemmersam 117
1662-69 Müller 199f
1666-67 Villault 316, 355, 357
1682 Barbot 566, 605, 607
1686-87 Hillier 689
1688-1702 Bosman 150
1694 Phillips 201f (Axim)
1721-22 Atkins 77-80 (Cape Three Points)
1727 Smith 117
1739-49 Rømer 132*, 135
343 SKULLS / BONES: 2. ANIMAL
344 1600-01 Marees 46a, 47b, 86b, 87a
1603 Ulsheimer 33f
1620 Vasconcelos 83
1662-69 Müller 195
1666-67 Villault 275
1668 Dapper 65 (Elmina)
1671 Justel 17
1679 Barbot 335
1682 Barbot 527, 591, 605
1688-1702 Bosman 150, 185
1739-49 Rømer 76
1783-86 Isert
345 SLINGS
346 1662-69 Müller 221f
347 SPOONS / LADLES
348 1600-01 Marees 95b
1679 Barbot 345f (illustration)
1682 Barbot 528
1783-86 Isert 192
349 STICKS (SHORT)
350 See : BASINS AS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
See : BELLS
See : BREAD
See : CLUBS
See : DRUMS
See : SKULLS (1)
351 STOOLS / CHAIRS
352 1482 Barros 117
1555 Towrson 106f
1600-01 Marees 14a, 48b, 58b, 65a, l86a, 86b
1617-20 Brun 88
1620 Vasconcelos 84
1622 Lange 47
1639-45 Hemmersam 117
1662-69 Müller 168, 186, 202, 211, 255, 316
1666-67 Villault 320
1668 Dapper 101, 106 (Axim)
1671 Justel 16 (Komenda)
1679 Barbot 345f (illustrations)
1682 Barbot 494, 512, 516
1688-1702 Bosman 128, 188
1701-02 Loyer 183*, 211
1739-49 Rømer 69
353 'STRAW-WISPS'
354 1600-01 Marees 87b, 91b
1639-45 Hemmersam 120
1666-67 Villault 263
1701-02 Loyer 213f
355 SWORDS / SABRES
356 1555 Towrson 106
1600-01 Marees 44b, 46a*, 53a
1603 Ulsheimer 34
1617-20 Brun 88, 92, 95
1639-45 Hemmersam 116, 120
1645-47 Ratelband 160
1662-69 Müller 186, 194f*, 197, 318
1666-67 Villault 316-8, 320, 325, 355
1668 Dapper 65 (Elmina), 111
1671 Justel 17 (Komenda)
1674 Inventarium
1679 Barbot 339, 344-6 (illustrations)*
1682 Barbot 565f, 605f*, 609
1686-87 Hillier 687
1688-1702 Bosman 128, 185*, 188, 203
1694 Phillips 201 (Axim)
1701-02 Loyer 162, 179
1739-49 Rømer 119, 220
1783-86 Isert 35, 37f*
357 TABLES
358 1662-69 Müller 168, 202, 314
1666-67 Villault 243
1671 Justel 16 (Komenda)
1682 Barbot 512f
1682-83 Groeben 45
359 TAILS: 1. ELEPHANT
360 1600-01 Marees 65a
1601-11 Ruiters 311*
1639-45 Hemmersam 124
1640 Blaeu
1662-69 Müller 258
1682 Barbot 564
1682-83 Groeben 39
1688-1702 Bosman 194
1709-12 Rask 105
361 TAILS: 2. HORSE
362 1600-01 Marees 26b, 86a, 87b
1662-69 Müller 196
1688-1702 Bosman 185
363 TAILS: 3. VARIOUS
364 1600-01 Marees 48b
1639-45 Hemmersam 123
1666-67 Villault 310f
1682 Barbot 494, 566
1684 Nieman 89
1692-93 Oettinger 186
365 'THRONES'
366 1701-02 Loyer 161
1739-49 Rømer 191f, 221, 227 (Asante)
See : STOOLS
367 TOBACCO-PIPES
368 1639-45 Hemmersam 117
1662-69 Müller 244, 255
1679 Barbot 288 (Komenda), 345f (illustration)
1682 Barbot 516
1688-1702 Bosman 306
1701-02 Loyer 161
1752-56 Thompson 48 (Anomabu)
369 TOOTH-STICKS
370 1600-01 Marees 14b, 19b, 87a-b
1662-69 Müller 153*
1666-67 Villault 214
1783-86 Isert 232f
371 TOOTH-CORDS (i.e. strings of teeth)
372 1662-69 Müller 166
1682 Barbot 605
1701-02 Loyer 162, 209
373 TORCHES (for fishing at night)
374 1600-01 Marees 61a
1662-69 Müller 233
375 TRAPS
376 1600-01 Marees 64b, 65a
1639-45 Hemmersam 108
1662-69 Müller 241
377 UMBRELLAS / PARASOLS
378 1679 Barbot 305 (Cape Coast)
1688-1702 Bosman 189
1692 Tibierge 62
1703 Van den Broucke & Du Bois
1783-86 Isert 39
379 WAR-DRESS
380 1600-01 Marees 44b*
1617-20 Brun 95
1625 Lam 12
1639-45 Hemmersam 116
1662-69 Müller 197
1666-67 Villault 355
1684 Nieman 89
1688-1702 Bosman 185*
1709-12 Rask 90-92*
1783-86 Isert 37*
See : COSMETICS
See : HELMETS
381 WEAPONS (VARIOUS)
382 1600-01 Marees 29b, 32a, 44b
1617-20 Brun 94
1682 Barbot 512, 565
383 WEIGHTS / SCALES
384 1600-01 Marees 29b-30a*, 43a (Accra)
1640 Blaeu
1662-69 Müller 244f, 249, 306-8
1666-67 Villault 253f
1682 Barbot 528, 548
1682-95 Tilleman 120f
1688-1702 Bosman 86
1721-22 Atkins 100 (Cape Coast)
385 WOOD
386 See : HEAD-RESTS
See : DISHES
See : CARVINGS
See : CHESTS
See : COMBS
See : DRUMS
387 WREATHS / GARLANDS
388 1600-01 Marees 87a
1617-20 Brun 92
3. Conclusion
389 These brief references already make it clear that there is a large amount of material available on a wide variety of topics, in many cases spread over a period of more than two centuries. Of course many of the references are difficult to interpret. But I think it is still legitimate to complain that most scholars who have written about material culture simply have not done enough homework. The potential for writing the 'social biography of things' is certainly there, even for this early period.
390 Looking at the list also reveals some aspects of material culture that have hitherto received no attention, often because a single reference, taken alone, did not seem reliable or significant enough to merit comment. For example, had the use of cords of teeth been mentioned by only one author, one might attribute it to pure speculation about the exotic Other; but when we find Müller, Loyer and Barbot - three authors who probably had no influence on one another - describing similar phenomena, this calls for analysis.
391 The chronology of the references is worth looking at too. Although we find a few items of material culture mentioned in sixteenth-century sources, Pieter de Marees' book of 1602 stands out as a milestone in the documentation of material culture for this region. From the 1660s to the 1680s we have a wealth of documentation, partly due to the involvement of many different European nations in the commerce of Gold Coast during this period.
392 This list is provisional and will have to be extended. It is also, as I have said, somewhat arbitrary both with respect to what constitutes 'material culture' and which category best fits a particular entry. But if it does nothing else, it should at least encourage scholars to go back to the sources.
Bibliographie
FAGE, J. D., 1994, A Guide to Original Sources for Precolonial Western Africa published in European Languages, for the Most Part in Book Form, Madison, African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2nd edition (original edition 1987) [Digitalized version: http://libtext.library.wisc.edu/Africana/].
JONES, A., 1986, « Semper aliquid veteris: Printed sources for the history of the Ivory and Gold Coasts, 1500-1750 », Journal of African History 27, 215-35.
—, 1994, « Drink deep, or taste not: Thoughts on the use of early European records in the study of African material culture », History in Africa 21, 349-70.
MAKEPEACE, M., 1991, Trade on the Guinea Coast 1657-1666 : The Correspondence of the English East India Company, Madison: African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
METCALF, G., 1987. « A microcosm of why Africans sold slaves », Journal of African History 28, 377-94.
Notes
Pour citer cet article
Référence électronique
Adam Jones, « Written Sources for the Material Culture of the Gold Coast before 1800 », Journal des africanistes, 75-2, Approches croisées des mondes akan II, 2005, [En ligne], mis en ligne le 15 décembre 2008. URL : http://africanistes.revues.org/document102.html. Consulté le 25 novembre 2009.
Auteur
Adam Jones
Department of Anthropology, Syracuse University, USA.
