Notes
McCaskie (1981).
Public Records and Archives Administration Department (Kumase), ARG 1/30/1/6, ‘Chief Fetish Priest Abirewa 1907-1908’ [henceforth I]; ibid., 1/30/1/7, ‘Abiriwa Fetish 1907-1912’ [henceforth II]; Manhyia Palace (Kumase), OMP 81, ‘Abiriwah Fetish’ [henceforth III]; ibid., OMP 77, ‘Belief in the Great Fetish Abiriwa [compiled] by Govt. Interpreter 1st Class A.A. Baidoo by order of Hon. T.E. Fell’, dd. Sunyani, 1908 [henceforth IV]; ibid., ‘Witchfinding and Witches in Ashanti (Evidence submitted to the ACC by Nana Nsumankwahene and others concerning Daagye, Nbanyi, Abiriwah, Katawere, Kuni, Hwimso, Munukumu, Boapanyin etc.)’, n.d. (but 1905-37) [henceforth V]; ibid., ‘Asem no mu da ho – “It Is Plain To See”’, n.d. (but 1920s); and ibid., Asantehene’s Archive, ‘Records of Fetishes, its [sic] Worship and Occurrences in Ashanti’, 2 vols. [henceforth VI/1 and VI/2]. I thank the late Asantehene Opoku Ware II for permission to consult materials in the Old Manhyia Palace (since 1995 the Manhyia Palace Museum), now transferred to the (new) Manhyia Palace pending their cataloguing and transfer to the Manhyia Record Office. I thank the present Asantehene Osei Tutu II for his cooperative interest in the maintenance of historical records presently in the keeping of the Golden Stool, and for his words of support when he graciously honoured me in Kumase in 2003 for my work on Asante. I and II above were misplaced in the 1970s and only relocated in the 1990s. Neither appears to have been used in the most recent work on witchcraft in colonial Asante by Olsen (1998; 2002). I thank Thomas Aning (now Chief Archivist Manhyia Record Office, Kumase) for all his efforts in locating materials for me. I also thank Ernest Sarhene (Head of Protocol, Manhyia Palace) for much appreciated practical help.
Terray (1979), 166 mentions Sie Kwaku in the only published reference to him known to me.
See, most helpfully, IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, pp. 63 (in Twi and English), dd. Sunyani, May 1907; ibid., ‘Aberewa komfo SK na esren no’, recorded by A. Afari-Mensah, pp. 27, dd. Duadaso, June 1907; ibid., ‘Sakrobudi ne Abiriwa’, recorded by Chas. Boafo, pp. 33, dd. Asikassiko, June-July 1907; V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fitish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, pp. 41, dd. Menji, March 1908; and VI/1, ‘A New Witchfinder (French Territory) declares Himself’, anon., pp. 12, 1908 (?). Baidoo, Afari-Mensah and Aning were all government employees; Boafo was a Basel Mission agent who went to Takyiman in 1907. All gathered information on the orders of T.E. Fell, Commissioner of the Western Province of Asante (for context consult I, T.E. Fell to CCA, dd. Sunyani, 26 May 1907). It is to be presumed that VI/1 anon. was also a member of this group. Fell was not the only British official with a strong interest in Aberewa; see II, C.N. Curling (Commissioner of the Eastern Province of the Gold Coast) to SNA (Accra), dd. Kyebi, 1 July 1908; ibid., N.W. Thomas to Under Secretary of State for the Colonies, dd. Buntingford, 13 November 1908; and ffoulkes (1909).
See McCaskie (1998; 1999; 2000; 2000a; 2000b).
See especially Terray (1979; 1995). I have also benefited from reading Viti (1998); Valsecchi (2002); and Viti and Valsecchi (1999).
Terray (1995), 509, 841-2 and 848.
In addition to biographical materials already cited see IV, Lt.-Gouverneur to CCA, dd. Bingerville, 11 August 1908 (secret), ‘La coutume fJtichiste “Aberewa” B Bondoukou, C^te d’Ivoire.’
On Begho see Posnansky (1987); on Bonduku see Terray (1995); on Buna see Boutillier (1993); on Wa see Wilks (1989); and on Banda – the easternmost Nafana outpost – see Stahl (2001).
Tauxier (1921) translates danifo] as loups-garous [werewolves].
See VI/2, ‘How Essimassi came to destroy Witches and Wizards’, n.d. (but recorded in Takyiman, ca, 1930); and see McCaskie (1992) for the Bongo antelope.
In V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fitish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, dd. Menji, March 1908, Sie Kwaku said malefactors were streaked with red clay and whipped bloody with thorn branches.
IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907; compare Terray (1979), especially 155-8.
See Bravmann (1974; 1979), and Arnaut and Dell (1996).
IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907.
This is documented in British (Cardinall, Fortes, Rattray) and French (Clozel, Delafosse, Tauxier) colonial ethnography; Kramer (1994) is a suggestive overview. A fuller picture will emerge with Jean Allman and John Parker’s forthcoming history of the northern savanna Nana Tongo shrine.
Terray (1979), 157-8.
The best narrative accounts are ibid. (1995), 601-76 and 890-921, and Wilks (1975), 271-3, 292-4, 402, 484-6 and 523-4.
IV, ‘Aberewa komfo SK na esren no’, recorded by A. Afari-Mensah, dd. Duadaso, June 1907.
Christian Twi speakers glossed Sakrobundi as ‘the rejection of sin’; see I, Benjamin Ampofo to DC (Kumase), ‘Some Details about Fitich Aberewa (from native informants)’, dd. Edweso, 1907.
Ibid., ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sinyani, May 1907.
For Kandia see Wilks (1989), 50 and 55; for Welekei traditions about Dangabo of Kandia see Terray (1979), especially 159 and 163.
IV, ‘Sakrobudi ne Abiriwa’, recorded by Chas. Boafo, dd. Asikassiko, June-July 1907.
These names are recounted from Welekei tradition in Terray (1979), 166.
See IV, ‘Aberewa komfo SK na esren no’, recorded by A. Afari-Mensah, dd. Duadaso, June 1907; and V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fitish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, dd. Menji, March 1908. The last quotation is translated from barely legible Twi that I have read as ko wanim te kwan da ho.
Cardinall (1927), 205-13 has a discussion of the ubiquity of ‘wer-hyenas’ (sic) in northern savanna belief.
Delafosse (1908), 122-34 visited and described the Welekei shrine complex in June 1902. He was admitted to only two of the buildings, the third being barred to him because it housed the Sakrobundi masks and medicine.
IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907; and see Terray (1979), 160-4.
See Bravmann (1974), 102-3 and (1979), 46.
See for example Delafosse (1908), 120.
V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fitish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, dd. Menji, March 1908.
See Bravmann (1979), 47 for oral testimony about the ‘high priest’ of ‘the parent cult’ of Sakrobundi at Welekei.
Public Records and Archives Administration Department (Cape Coast), ADM 47/1/08, ‘Fetishes: A Report on Sakri Bundi in the Eastern District’, dd. Cape Coast, 11 March 1890.
VI/1, ‘A New Witchfinder (French Territory) declares Himself’, anon., 1908 (?).
IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’ recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907; and see Terray (1995), 904-8 for Gyaman-Takyiman relations.
See IV, ‘Sakrobudi ne Abiriwa’, recorded by Chas. Boafo, dd. Asikassiko, June-July 1907; and II, ‘Statements taken at Tekiman from the two Chief Priests Yao Atiwa and Amangena’, recorded by T.E. Fell, dd. Takyiman, 18 August 1907.
See Person (1975), 1579-93.
Ibid., 1694-9; see also Terray (1995), 971-82.
For Banda see Stahl (2001), 193-4; for the Dagara country, already under attack from the Wala and Zabarima, see Wilks (1989), 106-8, 126-8 and 132-3, and Lentz (1998), 91-109.
Boutillier (1993), 120-46.
Terray (1995), 933-41 and 982-9.
Delafosse (1908), 122-34.
See Public Records and Archives Administration Department (Accra), ADM 11/1137, ‘North West District of Ashanti: Inspection Tours 1901-1902’, especially T.E. Fell to Resident (Kumase), dd. Pamu, 9 July 1901 (encl. Testimonies of Kwadwo Nikwabo and Kwasi Ata); ibid., Travelling Commissioner Armitage, 'Report of a Tour to the North West’, dd. Kumase, 2 August 1901; and ibid., Travelling Commissioner Soden to Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Asikassiko, 12 June 1902.
Ibid., Soden to Resident (Kumase), dd. Seikwa, 3 June 1902.
See IV, ‘Sakrobudi ne Abiriwa’, recorded by Chas. Boafo, dd. Asikassiko, June-July 1907; V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fetish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, dd. Menji, March 1908; and VI/2, ‘A New Witchfinder (French Territory) declares Himself’, anon., 1908. See Person (1975), 1696-8 for Samorian interactions with local Gyaman Muslims.
McCaskie (2000), 240.
See ibid., 180.
This narrative is a minimally agreed account constructed from all of the testimonies already cited. I have excluded from it all singular details or circumstantial elaborations. Thus, in IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907, it is reported that Welekei Muslims accompanied Sie Kwaku and found the Lawra man who told the party to travel east, but this appears in no other testimony. I have also paid no attention here to the many later recastings of this story that appeared in local communities throughout the Akan world and beyond.
I, Benjamin Ampofo to DC (Kumase), ‘Some Details about Fitich Aberewa (from native informants) ’, dd. Edweso, 1907.
V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fetish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, dd. Menji, March 1908.
Understandably, this list of names confused the British. See ffoulkes (1909); and on ffoulkes see II, Commissioner Western Province to CCA, dd. Sekondi, 26 September 1908; and ibid., Northcote Thomas to Colonial Office, dd. Buntingford, 13 November 1908.
I, ‘A Sworn Statement by the Linguist of Sunyani before His Honour T.E. Fell’, dd. Sunyani, 1908.
I, Benjamin Ampofo to DC (Kumase), ‘Some Details about Fitich Aberewa (from native informants) ’, dd. Edweso, 1907; and II, ‘Statements taken at Tekiman from the two Chief Priests Yao Atiwa and Amangena’, recorded by T.E. Fell, dd. Takyiman, 18 August 1907.
See I, T.E. Fell to CCA, dd. Sunyani, 1 June 1907; and II, ‘Notes of a Meeting held on the 6th August 1908 outside the Fort at Coomassie.’
For the market model see McCaskie (1981).
On Asante security posts in the northwest see Arhin (1979); on Odumase see Wilks (1993), 262 and McCaskie (2000), 73.
The account that follows is based on Freeman (1898), 146-54; see too ibid., (1892).
Ibid. (1898), 155 has two drawings of this figure.
For pertinent comment see McLeod (1981), 67-8; and compare Bravmann (1979), 45-6.
McCaskie (1981), 129-33 and ibid. (1995), 133-5.
See I, Kofi Nsenkyire to CCA, dd. Kumase, 4 August 1908; II, Kwabena Safo to CCA, dd. Kumase, 3 August 1907; and V, ‘Statement by Nana Ashantihene concerning the Recent Prevalence of Witches and Witchcatching in Ashanti’, dd. July 1937.
IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907; and see McCaskie (2000), 262-3 for Asante views of Gyaman.
I, Akua Afriyie to CCA, dd. Kumase, 31 July 1908.
II, Osei Mampon to DC (Kumase), dd. Kumase, 12 February 1908.
I, Kwaku Dua to CCA, dd. Kumase, 17 November 1907.
Ibid., Rev. F.A. Ramseyer to CCA, dd. Kumase, 22 July 1908.
II, ‘Notes of a Meeting held on the 6th August 1908 outside the Fort at Coomassie.’
In IV, ‘Sakrobudi ne Abiriwa’, recorded by Chas. Boafo, dd. Asikassiko, June-July 1907, Sie Kwaku is described as travelling always with a boy who carried his box full of money [adaka sika ahon].
II, ‘Statements taken at Tekiman from the Two Chief Priests Yao Atiwa and Amangena’, recorded by T.E. Fell, dd. Takyiman, 18 August 1907’ and Manhyia Palace (Kumase), ‘Asem no mu da ho – “It Is Plain To See”’, n.d. (but 1920s).
Apeatu (1908).
Consult I, T.E. Fell to CCA, dd. Sunyani, 1 June 1907 and 3 September 1908; and IV, ‘Sakrobudi ne Abiriwa’, recorded by Chas. Boafo, dd. Asikassiko, June-July 1907.
IV, ‘Aberewa komfo SK na esren no’, recorded by A. Afari-Mensah, dd. Duadaso, June 1907.
Idem.
IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words’, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907.
See II, ‘A Report on Abiriwa at Sabronum’, recorded by Capt. S.H. Chapin, March 1908, encl. in CCA to Ag. Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Kumase, 4 June 1908.
Ibid., ‘A Palaver held on the 3rd August 1907 in Connection with Certain Allegations brought against the “Abirewa Fetish” Worship’, dd. Kumase, ‘Statement by Kwesi Beche of Ejisu’; and IV, ‘The Life of Sei Kweku taken down from his own Words, recorded by A.A. Baidoo and T.E. Fell, dd. Sunyani, May 1907.
Public Records and Archives Administration Department (Kumase), ARG 1/2/13/2, ‘Disturbances at Ejisu’, Yaw Awua to CCA, dd. Kumase, 6 May 1907 and 14 and 29 March 1908; ibid., Kwasi Nimo to CCA, dd. Kumase, 6 May 1907; ibid., Kwadwo Tawia to CCA, dd. Kumase, 19 March 1908; II, ‘A Palaver held on the 3rd August 1907 in Connection with Certain Allegations brought against the “Abirewa Fetish” Worship’, dd. Kumase, ‘Statement by Kwame Dente of Nsoko’; and V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fetish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, dd. Menji, March 1908.
I, Nicholas Osei to F.A. Ramseyer, dd. Boankra, 17 July 1907; see too ibid., Benjamin Ampofo to DC (Kumase), ‘Some Details about Fitich Aberewa (from native informants)’, dd. Edweso, 1907.
Afari-Antoa (1907).
See II, C.N. Curling (Commissioner of the Eastern Province of the Gold Coast) to SNA (Accra), dd. Kyebi, 1 July 1908.
Colonial Reports (Annual): No. 564, Ashanti (1907), 10; and I, CCA to Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Kumase, 8 August 1907.
Ibid., CCA to Fell, dd. Kumase, 2 February 1907.
Ibid., Fell to CCA, dd. Sunyani, 26 May 1907.
Idem.
Ibid., Fell to CCA, dd. Sunyani, 1 June 1907.
Ibid., ‘A Memorandum by CCA Fuller on the Fetish Abiriwa’, dd. Kumase, 14 January 1907.
Ibid., ‘Story about Aberewa’, by N.V. Asare, dd. Kumase, 6 March 1907. An almost verbatim copy of this is included in Basel Mission Archives (Basel), D.1,86, ‘Annual Report of the Basel Mission in Kumasi (1906)’, by N.V. Asare, dd. Kumase, 20 March 1907.
I, Ramseyer to CCA, dd. Kumase, 22 July 1907; see too ibid., Ramseyer to CCA, dd. Kumase, 22 July and 3 and 7 August 1908; and CCA to Ag. Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Kumase, 8 August 1908.
See ibid., Colonial Secretary (Accra) to CCA (by Telegraph), dd. Accra, 17 and 18 July 1907; ibid., CCA to Colonial Secretary (Accra) (by Telegraph), dd. Kumase, 18 July 1907; and Public Records and Archives Administration (Accra), ADM 51/2/19, ‘Register of In and Out Letters, Kumasi (Secret and Confidential)’, File I, 1901-12, SNA Minutes, ‘Notes of a Meeting Called by Govnr. Rodger’, n.d. (but Accra, 1907). For Fuller’s relations with Accra consult Wilks (2000), 71-8.
II, ‘A Palaver held on the 3rd August 1907 in Connection with Certain Allegations brought against the “Abirewa Fetish” Worship’, dd. Kumase, Testimonies of Osei Mampon, Kwame Frimpon, Kwasi Adabo, Kwabena Kokofu, Kwame Dapaa, Kwaakye Kofi, Kwaku Ware, Kwabena Asubonten, Kwasi Nuama, Kwabena Sekyere, Kwabena Safo, Kwasi Bosompra, Asamoa Toto, Kwaku Dua Atipin, and Yaw Awua. See further ibid., Osei Mampon to CCA, dd. Bantama, 22 July 1907, and Kwame Dapaa to CCA, dd. Kumase, 27 July 1907.
I, Colonial Secretary (Accra) to CCA (by Telegraph), dd. Accra, 4 September 1907.
See Fuller’s complacent remarks about his measures in Colonial Reports (Annual): No. 564, Ashanti (1907), 10.
II, ‘An Account of the “Abirewa” Fetish’, prepared for the Governor by the Ag. Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Accra, 29 June 1908.
See V, ‘The Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Abiriwa Fetish’, recorded by Aug. Aning, dd. Menji, March 1908; and VI/1, ‘A New Witchfinder (French Territory) declares Himself’, anon., 1908 (?).
Basel Mission Archives (Basel), D.1,86, ‘Annual Report of the Basel Mission in Kumasi (1906)’, by N.V. Asare, dd. Kumase, 20 March 1907; and Manhyia Record Office (Kumase), ‘Letter Book 1905-1919: Juaben Affairs’, Dwabenhene to DC (Kumase), dd. Kumase, 3 June 1908.
Basel Mission Archives (Basel), D.1,86, ‘Annual Report of the Basel Mission in Kumasi (1906)’, by N.V. Asare, dd. Kumase, 20 March 1907.
II, Fell to CCA, dd. Sunyani, 5 July 1908.
Ibid., CCA to Ashanti Chiefs (Circular), dd. Kumase, 14 July 1908.
Ibid., Yaw Boakye to Commissioner of the Southern Province, dd. Bekwai, 5 and 29 June and 27 July 1908; ibid., Kyidomhene to CCA, dd. Kumase, 4 August 1908; and ibid., Kwame Tua to CCA, dd. Kumase, 9 August 1908.
I, Kwame Boakye to CCA, dd. Wiamoase, 13 February 1907; II, Kwame Boakye to DC (Kumase), dd. Agona, 11 and 30 May 1908; and for context see McCaskie (2000a).
II, CCA to Ag. Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Kumase, 22 July 1908.
See for example, I, Kwabena Kufuor to CCA, dd. Kumase, 27 July and 6 August 1908; ibid., D.J. Williams to CCA, dd. Kumase, 28 July 1908; ibid., Kwaku Dua and Kwame Asamoa to CCA, dd. Kumase, 3 August 1908; and II, CCA to Ag. Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Kumase, 15 August 1908.
Ibid., C.N. Curling to Secretary for Native Affairs (Accra), dd. Abetifi, 11 July 1908, encl. ‘Rex vs. Kofi Mensa (Assistant Aberewah Priest) and Amma Ata.’ Both were charged with causing ‘harm and terror’ under Gold Coast Statutes, Cap. 136.12. 92. Kofi Mensa was sentenced to a £25 fine or three months hard labour. Amma Ata, admonished from the bench for ‘taking pride in cruelty’, was given a £10 fine or two months hard labour.
Key sources include Manhyia Record Office (Kumase), ‘The History of Ashanti’, ms (with letters and notes) prepared by a Committee of Traditional Authorities under the Chairmanship of Asantehene Osei Agyeman Prempe II, n.d. (but 1940s), Cap. 4.36; and ibid., 1031/A and 1031/B, ‘Offinso Division 1905-13’ and ‘A History of the Offinsu Stool by Nana Kwabina Wiafe, Nana Ya Kyia and Stool Elders’, dd. April 1938. See McCaskie (1984), 181-5 for Ofinso and the civil war; and Armitage and Montanaro (1901), 181-7 and Willcocks (1904), 394 for the destruction of Ofinso in 1900.
See I, ‘Papers Relating to Offinso, 1908’, Testimonies by Kwadwo Baane, William Aye, Kofi Kese, Adwowaa Gyifiwaa, Kwame Tua and Capt. S.H. Chapin, dd. Ofinso and Kumase, 25-8 July 1908; and Manhyia Record Office (Kumase), 1031/A, ‘Offinso Division 1905-13’, ‘Inquiry held at Kumasi into the Deaths at Offinso by Order of the Chief Commissioner, Ashanti’, dd. Kumase, 29 August 1908.
Ibid., CCA to DC (Kumase) dd. Kumase, 3 March and 18 September 1909;and Manhyia Record Office (Kumase), ‘Palaver Book 1907-1909’, in re Complaint about Theft of Property by Kwame Akrodie, heard before DC P. Arlott, Cantonment Magistrate, dd. Kumase, 24 February and 30 July 1909, Testimonies by Kwame Akrodie, Kofi Ntim, Adwowaa Akwa and Kofi Kese.
I, Fell to Takyimanhene, dd. Sunyani, 12 August 1908; see further ibid., Kwame Tua to CCA, dd. Kumase, 1 August 1908; ibid., Kwasi Nuama to CCA, dd. Kumase, 4 August 1908; and ibid., Takyimanhene to DC (Sunyani), dd. Takyiman, 11 August 1908.
III, ‘A Report on the Suppression of the Abiriwah Fetish in the Western Province’, by Capt. A.L. Cochrane (Special Commissioner), dd. Sunyani, 2 October 1908, enclosing Testimonies of ‘Abiriwah Priests’ Osei Kwei and Asumagyima, dd. Seikwa, 30 August and 1 September 1908. Osei Kwei was one of those with Sie Kwaku, and he was brought to Sunyani and imprisoned.
Gold Coast Statutes, Ashanti No. 2 of 1908, ‘The Ashanti Native Customs Ordinance, 1908’, dd. 3 September 1908 (given under the hand of Sir John Pickersgill Rodger, Governor). See also II, ‘Account of a Meeting Held on the 6th August 1908 Outside the Fort at Coomassie’, encl. CCA Minutes of 6-10 August 1908; Fuller (1921), 221-2; and Colonial Reports (Annual): No. 603 (1908), 11 and 19-20.
See II, Ag. Commissioner of the Northern Province to CCA, dd. Kintampo, 20 August 1908; ibid., Commissioner of the Southern Province to CCA, dd. Obuase, 23 August 1908; and ibid., CCA to Ag. Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Kumase, 26 August 1908.
I, Fell to CCA, dd. Menji, 21 August 1908, dd. Asikassiko, 25 August 1908, and dd. Sunyani, 2 and 17 October 1908; and ibid., Kwabena Kufuor to CCA, dd. Kumase, 6 August 1908.
II, G. Martin to DC (Kyebi), dd. Kyebi, 11 July 1912.
Ibid., Commissioner of the Western Province of the Gold Coast to SNA (Accra), dd. Cape Coast, 19 June 1912.
Ibid., Commissioner of the Southern Province of Asante to J.T. Furley, dd. Obuase, 17 June 1912; and ibid., DC (Birrim on Pra) to Ag. CCA, dd. Birrim on Pra, 20 July 1912.
Public Records and Archives Administration (Accra), ADM 11/1387, ‘Ati Aperede, and Fetishes in Akwapim, 1908-1915’, ‘The Laws of Anfwiri Bofo’, by Henry Owusu Ansa, Omanhene of Akuapem, dd. Akropong, 2 February 1913.
II, Kwabena Fori to Provincial Commissioner (Obuase), dd. Obuase, 20 July 1912; ibid., Ag. CCA to Provincial Commissioner (Obuase), dd. Kumase, 25 July and 12 August 1912; and ibid., Ag. CCA to Ag. Colonial Secretary (Accra), dd. Kumase, 15 August 1912.
Ibid, SNA Minute (Confidential), 5/1912, dd. Accra, 6 July 1912.
See V; in Rhodes House (Oxford), Mss. Afr. S.1051 (Cowley), ‘A Description of the Tegare Fetish, Gold Coast’, dd. Kyebi, March 1949, there is a detailed comparison between the Hwe me so, Kundi and Tigare movements.
See, for example, the bestselling popular books by Bannerman-Richter (1982; 1984; and 1987).
See most recently Brandom (2002).
Very recent ethnographic essay collections on African witchcraft include Bond and Ciekawy (2001) and Moore and Sanders (2002).
My attempts to work in Gyaman in 2002-3 proved abortive because of current circumstances in the Côe d’Ivoire.
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